Lord Parshwanath, the twenty third Tirthankara in Jainism, is one of the most influential spiritual figures in Indian religious history. His teachings, life events, and compassionate approach shaped the philosophical structure that later became central to Jain dharma. Even today, millions of Jain followers across the world worship Parshwanath as a source of inspiration and moral guidance. His deep connection with Parasnath Hill in the Giridih district of Jharkhand further enhances his spiritual importance.
This article explains why Lord Parshwanath holds a unique and significant place among the twenty four Jain Tirthankaras.
A Major Spiritual Reformer Before Mahavira
One of the most important facts about Lord Parshwanath is that he lived around two hundred fifty years before Lord Mahavira, the twenty fourth Tirthankara. This means he played a major role in shaping the early foundations of Jainism.
Parshwanath introduced essential principles that later became central to Jain philosophy. His teachings prepared society for the spiritual path that Mahavira eventually expanded and organized.
Because his teachings came generations earlier, Parshwanath served as a bridge between ancient ascetic traditions and the more structured Jain order established later.
Founder of the Fourfold Dharma
Lord Parshwanath taught four main vows
Nonviolence
Truth
Nonstealing
Nonpossession
These four vows formed the basic structure of Jain monastic practices even before Mahavira added the fifth vow of celibacy. The fourfold dharma taught by Parshwanath created a strong spiritual foundation for monks, nuns, and householders.
These teachings encouraged people to reduce violence, remain truthful, avoid excess, and live a disciplined life. The simplicity and purity of his teachings made them easy to follow for common people.
Symbol of Compassion and Peace
Lord Parshwanath was known for his deep compassion toward all living beings. One of the most famous stories describes how he saved a serpent trapped in burning wood. This act of kindness symbolized his pure heart and his ability to feel the suffering of even the smallest living creature.
This compassionate nature made him a beloved figure among his followers. His life serves as an example of kindness, empathy, and universal love, which remain central to Jain ethics today.
The Upsarg of Kamath and His Spiritual Strength
One of the major events that highlight the greatness of Lord Parshwanath is the upsarg created by Kamath. During intense meditation, Kamath caused storms, heavy rain, and obstacles to disturb Parshwanath. Despite these challenges, Parshwanath remained calm and focused.
During this incident, Dharanendra, the serpent king, protected him by spreading his hood above him. This event symbolizes the victory of inner peace over external disturbance.
Because of this story, Parshwanath is often depicted with a serpent over his head, representing protection, strength, and fearlessness.
A Major Influence on Future Jain Teachings
Parshwanath’s teachings had a long lasting influence on the spiritual structure of Jainism. His four vows were adopted and expanded by Mahavira. His focus on nonviolence inspired the ascetic way of living followed by monks and nuns.
Parshwanath’s followers created a well organized community of monks known as Nirgranthas. This early community helped preserve and spread his teachings across different regions of India.
A Life Dedicated to Spiritual Discipline
Lord Parshwanath practiced intense austerities, meditation, and deep concentration. His spiritual journey displayed a remarkable level of discipline. Even as a prince, he had little interest in material pleasures. At the age of thirty, he renounced worldly life and embraced the path of an ascetic.
His dedication serves as an example for those who seek spiritual purity and inner transformation.
Attainment of Kevala Jnana
Like all Tirthankaras, Lord Parshwanath attained Kevala Jnana, meaning infinite knowledge. This state allowed him to understand the true nature of the universe, life, and liberation. After attaining this state, he spent years guiding people on the path of truth and nonviolence.
His teachings were simple yet powerful, reflecting his deep wisdom and inner purity.
Liberation and Connection With Parasnath Hill
Parasnath Hill is named after Lord Parshwanath because of his strong association with this region. Although several Tirthankaras attained liberation on this hill, the presence and teachings of Parshwanath made the location even more sacred.
Devotees believe that the hill preserves the spiritual energy of Parshwanath’s meditation and practice. This is why pilgrims from across the world visit Shikharji to connect with his divine presence.
One of the Most Worshipped Tirthankaras
Among the twenty four Tirthankaras, Parshwanath is one of the most widely worshipped. Temples dedicated to him exist in nearly every Jain community across India. His image with the serpent canopy is instantly recognizable and deeply respected.
His popularity is rooted in
His compassionate personality
His simple teachings
His inspiring life stories
His accessible and relatable spiritual messages
Because of these qualities, both monks and householders find his path manageable and inspiring.
Teachings That Continue to Guide Followers
The teachings of Lord Parshwanath remain relevant even in modern times. His emphasis on truth, nonviolence, and nonpossession encourages people to live a balanced and ethical life. These teachings help individuals reduce stress, avoid unnecessary conflicts, and practice compassion in their daily actions.
His life demonstrates that spiritual progress comes from simplicity, discipline, and pure intentions.
A Bridge Between Early and Modern Jainism
Parshwanath played a key role in connecting ancient spiritual practices with later Jain philosophy. Without his contributions, the transition to the teachings of Mahavira may not have been as smooth. He laid the foundation that guided the Jain community for centuries.
His influence ensured continuity and stability in the development of Jain traditions.
Final Thoughts
Lord Parshwanath holds a uniquely important place among the twenty four Jain Tirthankaras due to his early reforms, compassionate character, deep spiritual teachings, and his influence on future Jain philosophy. His life and message continue to guide followers toward purity, peace, and nonviolence.